![]() Public health had to find new and effective instruments for disease control. In the 1980s health promotion found itself at the frontline dealing with the HIV pandemic when there were no biomedical means to stem the pandemic of death from AIDS. The health promotion movement immediately found a crucial role in smoking reduction and diet change to deal with the pandemics of lung cancer and heart disease. New Perspectives led to the “Ottawa Charter” in 1986 which defined health promotion and has become a vital issue in public health. Marc Lalonde, Canada’s Minister of National Health and Welfare issued the book A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians, which identified genetic, environmental, personal lifestyle, and medical care as equally important issues in personal and population health. ![]() These relationships became clear and increasingly accepted after the US Surgeon General’s Report in 1964. In the 1960s the cumulative evidence of smoking as a direct cause of lung cancer and heart disease was identified as a major public health challenge. ![]() Health systems became more combined public–private endeavors, with health insurance for medical- and hospital-care taking center stage.Įpidemiology blossomed as a science following World War II, producing vital insights and evidence of contributory factors to noncommunicable diseases. Medical care also improved and became more accessible through health insurance systems both in the private and governmental sector. Disease-control advanced and new epidemiologic evidence identified risk factors for the growing burden of noncommunicable diseases such as the cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and others. ![]() ![]() During the 20 th century, public health evolved with increasing capacity for disease prevention as scientific breakthroughs occurred in microbiology, immunology, nutrition, and other sciences. ![]()
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